Dryden's Essay On Dramatic Poesy

 This blog is a part of Bridge Course : Dryden's Essay on Dramatic Poesy given by Dr. Dilip Barad Sir.

• Comparative Analysis of Tragedy and    Play: Ancient and Modern Perspectives. 

Introduction:

The world of theater has been enriched by numerous theories and definitions over time. Among the most influential are Aristotle's definition of tragedy and John Dryden's concept of play. This blog post will explore the differences between these definitions, discuss whether I align more with Ancient or Modern perspectives, evaluate arguments for and against French versus English plays, and share my preference for poetic versus prosaic dialogues in plays.

• Aristotle's Definition of Tragedy vs. Dryden's Definition of Play

Aristotle's definition of tragedy, presented in his seminal work Poetics, emphasizes the importance of plot, character, and the evocation of pity and fear to achieve catharsis. Aristotle outlines tragedy as a serious and complete action that, through incidents arousing pity and fear, brings about a catharsis of such emotions. This classical view stresses unity of time, place, and action, and the moral dimension of characters' fates.

In contrast, John Dryden's definition of play, articulated in his critical essays, expands the concept to accommodate a broader range of dramatic works. Dryden's approach includes both tragedy and comedy, reflecting a more flexible and inclusive understanding of dramatic literature. He acknowledges the value of mixing genres and emphasizes the importance of the playwright's intent and the audience's reception. Dryden's definition also highlights the role of language and wit in shaping a play's impact, marking a shift from Aristotle's rigid criteria.

• Ancients vs. Moderns: Personal Preference

If I were to choose between the Ancients and the Moderns, I would side with the Moderns. While Aristotle's emphasis on catharsis and unity is foundational and offers a rigorous framework for tragedy, the Moderns' flexibility and innovation reflect the evolving nature of dramatic art. Dryden's inclusive approach allows for greater creative freedom and acknowledges the diverse ways in which plays can engage and entertain audiences. This adaptability resonates with contemporary tastes and the dynamic nature of modern theater.

• French Plays vs. English Plays:       Evaluating the Arguments

Arguments in favor of French plays and against English plays often focus on aspects like the portrayal of death, duel fights with blunted swords, representation of large armies, mingling of tones, and multiple plots. French plays, with their emphasis on formal structure and decorum, are sometimes critiqued for their stylized portrayals of violence and grand scenes that are not always practical on stage. Conversely, English plays, particularly those from the Elizabethan era, often embraced a more realistic and dynamic approach, with vivid depictions of death and complex, intertwined plots.

The criticism of French plays for their stylized elements, such as blunted swords in duels, may overlook their artistic intent and the conventions of the time. Similarly, while English plays might blend serious and comic tones more freely, this often contributes to a richer, more layered dramatic experience. The effectiveness of these elements depends on the playwright's skill and the production's execution, rather than a blanket preference for one style over the other.

• Poetic vs. Prosaic Dialogues in Plays:

Regarding poetic versus prosaic dialogues, I prefer poetic dialogues. Poetic language in plays often enhances the emotional depth and lyrical beauty of the text, allowing for a more evocative and memorable theatrical experience. The rhythmic and stylistic qualities of poetry can elevate themes and characters, making the dialogue more impactful and resonant. While prosaic dialogues can be effective for their clarity and realism, poetic dialogues offer a unique aesthetic and emotional power that enriches the overall dramatic experience.

Conclusion:

In summary, the definitions of tragedy and play by Aristotle and Dryden offer valuable insights into the evolution of dramatic theory. While the Ancients provide a foundational understanding of tragedy, the Moderns' adaptability reflects the changing nature of theater. Evaluating French and English plays reveals that both styles have their merits, and the choice between poetic and prosaic dialogues ultimately depends on the desired effect and aesthetic of the play. The diversity in dramatic approaches highlights the richness of the theatrical tradition and the enduring relevance of both classical and modern perspectives.

A Deep Dive into 'Macbeth':Insights from the Globe Theatre Performance

This  blog ia a part of thinking activity: Screening & reading 'Macbeth' given by DR. Dilip Barad sir.

Preface:

Shakespeare’s 'Macbeth' remains one of the most profound and intense tragedies in Western literature. The 2013 Globe Theatre performance, viewed on our college’s view board, offered a compelling insight into this dark and complex play. By exploring the play’s rich themes, vivid characters, and symbolic elements, we can better appreciate Shakespeare’s exploration of ambition, guilt, and the supernatural.

About Shakespeare:

William Shakespeare, the illustrious playwright of the Elizabethan era, is renowned for his extraordinary contributions to English literature. His works, including Macbeth, explore the depths of human nature and the complexities of the human psyche. Through his innovative use of language and dramatic structure, Shakespeare has left an indelible mark on the world of theatre and beyond.

Summary:

Macbeth, a tragedy by William Shakespeare, explores themes of ambition, power, and guilt through the story of its titular character. Set in Scotland, the play begins with Macbeth, a valiant general, encountering three witches on a heath. They prophesy that Macbeth will become the king of Scotland and that Banquo, his fellow general, will father a line of kings. Macbeth is initially skeptical but soon learns he has been made Thane of Cawdor, as predicted by the witches. Encouraged by Lady Macbeth and fueled by his own ambition, he contemplates murdering King Duncan to seize the throne.

In act 2 Macbeth is tormented by a vision of a bloody dagger leading him to Duncan’s chamber. Driven by his wife’s encouragement, he kills Duncan in his sleep and frames the king’s guards for the murder. Duncan’s sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, flee for their lives, fearing for their safety. Macbeth is crowned king, but his paranoia grows. He sees Banquo as a threat due to the witches’ prophecy that Banquo’s descendants will inherit the throne. To secure his position, Macbeth arranges for Banquo and his son Fleance to be murdered. Banquo is killed, but Fleance escapes, intensifying Macbeth’s anxiety.

Act 3 sees Macbeth increasingly troubled by his guilt and fear. At a banquet, he is haunted by Banquo’s ghost, which only he can see, leading to erratic behavior that alarms his guests and Lady Macbeth. Macbeth’s growing tyranny alienates his allies and deepens his sense of isolation.

 In Act 4, Macbeth consults the witches again. They offer more prophecies that give him a false sense of invincibility: beware of Macduff, no one born of a woman will harm him, and he will be safe until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Hill. Macbeth orders the murder of Macduff’s family in a desperate attempt to eliminate threats.

Lady Macbeth, meanwhile, is driven mad by her own guilt, leading to her eventual death, likely by suicide. As Malcolm and Macduff gather forces to challenge Macbeth, they use branches from Birnam Wood to camouflage their numbers and advance on Macbeth’s fortress at Dunsinane. Macbeth’s confidence is shattered when he learns that Birnam Wood seems to be moving toward his castle. In the final confrontation, Macduff reveals that he was born via Caesarean section, thus not “born of a woman” in the conventional sense. Macbeth, realizing the witches’ prophecies have come true, is killed by Macduff.

The play concludes with Malcolm being hailed as king, restoring order and legitimacy to Scotland. Macbeth’s rise and fall illustrate the destructive nature of unchecked ambition and the moral consequences of one’s actions.

Exploring the Performance

1. The Opening Mystique

The performance began with the witches, whose otherworldly presence and cryptic prophecies set a haunting tone for the play. Their eerie portrayal emphasized the play’s themes of fate and foreboding, making their role crucial in igniting Macbeth’s ambition and setting the narrative in motion.

2. Macbeth’s Transformation

Macbeth’s transformation from a celebrated hero to a tyrannical ruler was depicted with intense emotional depth. Initially a valiant soldier, Macbeth’s ambition, sparked by the witches’ prophecy, leads him to commit regicide. The actor’s portrayal captured his psychological descent into paranoia and madness, illustrating the destructive power of unchecked ambition.

3. Lady Macbeth’s Role

Lady Macbeth was a compelling character whose initial strength and manipulation drive Macbeth to murder Duncan. However, as the play progresses, her resolve crumbles under the weight of her guilt. Her portrayal of mental deterioration and eventual madness highlighted the psychological consequences of their crimes.

4. The Globe Theatre’s Influence

The Globe Theatre’s traditional staging and minimalistic set design significantly enhanced the play’s atmosphere. The open stage allowed for a close connection between the actors and the audience, making the emotional highs and lows of the play more impactful. 

5. Characters

Macbeth: A valiant Scottish general whose ambition, fueled by the witches' prophecy, leads him to murder King Duncan and seize the throne. His descent into tyranny and madness is central to the play’s narrative.

Lady Macbeth: Macbeth’s wife, who plays a crucial role in pushing him toward the murder of Duncan. Her initial strength and later breakdown under guilt highlight the psychological toll of their actions.

The Witches: Mysterious figures who deliver prophecies that ignite Macbeth’s ambition. Their eerie presence and cryptic messages set the tone for the unfolding drama.

King Duncan: The virtuous king of Scotland, whose murder by Macbeth sets off a chain of tragic events.

Banquo: Macbeth’s friend and fellow general, whose descendants are prophesied to inherit the throne. Banquo's ghost haunts Macbeth, symbolizing the consequences of his actions.

-Macduff: A Scottish nobleman who ultimately confronts Macbeth and plays a key role in his downfall. His quest for justice underscores the theme of retribution.

6. Themes

Ambition and Power: The central theme of the play is the corrupting influence of unchecked ambition. Macbeth’s rise to power through murder demonstrates how the pursuit of power can lead to moral decay and self-destruction.

Guilt and Conscience: Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are plagued by guilt following their heinous acts. Their psychological torment highlights the play’s exploration of the effects of guilt and the loss of moral integrity.

Fate vs. Free Will: The witches' prophecies introduce the theme of fate, questioning whether Macbeth's actions are driven by destiny or personal choice. The tension between predestined events and individual agency is a key element of the narrative.

The Supernatural: The presence of the witches and other supernatural elements adds a layer of mystery and foreboding to the play, emphasizing the themes of fate and moral corruption.

7. Symbols

Blood: Symbolizes guilt and the irreversible nature of Macbeth’s actions. The recurring imagery of blood on Macbeth’s hands reflects his overwhelming sense of guilt and the permanence of his crimes.

The Weather: Unnatural weather conditions mirror the chaos and moral disorder within the play, highlighting the disruption of the natural order.

The Dagger: Represents Macbeth’s inner conflict and the ominous nature of his impending crime. His vision of the dagger symbolizes his psychological turmoil and the violent path he is about to embark on.

The Ghost of Banquo: Represents Macbeth’s guilt and the consequences of his betrayal. The ghost’s appearances underscore Macbeth’s growing paranoia and mental deterioration.

Conclusion:

The 2013 Globe Theatre performance of Macbeth was a memorable experience, even through the college view board. The authenticity of the Globe’s presentation, combined with the powerful performances, brought Shakespeare’s tragic vision to life. The play’s exploration of ambition, guilt, and the supernatural continues to offer a profound commentary on human nature, making it a timeless piece of literature.

"Decoding Wordsworth: The Essence of Poetry Through the Lens of Romanticism"

This blog is a part of a  task given by Dr. Dilip Barad Sir of a Bridge Course: 'Wordsworth's Preface' . 

• Exploring Wordsworth’s Poetic Philosophy: A Deeper Dive. 

William Wordsworth, a towering figure in the Romantic movement, reshaped the landscape of English poetry with his revolutionary ideas. His "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" serves as a cornerstone for understanding his vision of poetry, diction, and the role of the poet.

 In this blog post, we’ll delve into Wordsworth’s perspectives, exploring his views on what defines a poet, the nature of poetic diction, and the essence of poetry itself.

• Why does Wordsworth ask 'what is a poet' rather then 'who is a poet'? 

Wordsworth’s decision to ask "What is a poet?" instead of "Who is a poet?" reflects his emphasis on the intrinsic nature of poetry rather than the characteristics of individual poets. By focusing on "What," Wordsworth seeks to define the essential qualities and purpose of poetry. 

Poet differs in a degree, has greater knowledge of human nature through these emotions, observations, sensibilities, and we can say he has a better knowledge on human nature. 

Poet rejoice more then the ordinary people. His participation in the essence of life is much more than ordinary human being. He is habitually impelled to create volition, passions, situations where they themselves do not exists. 

This approach is less about identifying specific poets and more about understanding the core attributes that make someone a poet. Wordsworth is interested in the universal aspects of poetry that transcend individual identity, aiming to uncover the fundamental nature and impact of poetry on society.

• What Is Poetic Diction, and What Type Does Wordsworth Suggest?

Poetic diction:  In general it means choice of words. It refers to the language and style used in poetry, which often diverges from everyday speech to achieve artistic effects. 

Wordsworth challenges the elaborate and artificial diction of his predecessors, advocating instead for a simpler, more natural language. He believes that poetry should employ the language of ordinary people to convey emotions and ideas more authentically. According to Wordsworth, the use of familiar, accessible language helps to bridge the gap between the poet and the reader, making the emotional and thematic content of poetry more relatable and impactful.

Controversial aspect of Wordsworth's poetic diction. 

His friend Coleridge  raised controversy first on this. Often we find that Wordsworth himself does not strictly adhered to that kind of diction in his own poems. Like in #Michael A Pastoral Poem. 

• How Does Wordsworth Define Poetry?

Wordsworth definition of poetry :"The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility."

This definition highlights two key aspects of poetry according to Wordsworth: the initial surge of intense emotion and the reflective process that follows. Poetry, in Wordsworth’s view, begins with a powerful emotional experience that is later contemplated and expressed with calm deliberation. This process transforms raw feelings into artful expression, underscoring the idea that poetry is both an immediate and a thoughtful creation.

•Analyzing Wordsworth’s Poetic Creed:

Wordsworth’s poetic creed is rooted in the belief that poetry should arise from genuine human experiences and emotions. His approach stands in contrast to the formal, ornate style that dominated his time. By advocating for poetry that emerges from personal, profound feelings and is articulated in accessible language, Wordsworth seeks to make poetry more sincere and engaging. This philosophy aims to connect deeply with readers, reflecting their own experiences and emotions through the poet’s lens.

• Wordsworth’s Views on Poetic Diction:

In his "Preface," Wordsworth critiques the poetic diction of his predecessors, noting that it often strays from natural language and becomes overly complex. He states, "A language was thus insensibly produced, differing materially from the real language of men in any situation." Wordsworth argues that such artificial language distances poetry from the real experiences of its readers. Instead, he advocates for a more natural diction that reflects everyday speech, making poetry more grounded and accessible. This approach aligns with his belief that poetry should be a true representation of human experience.

• The Poet as “A Man Speaking to Men. ”

Wordsworth describes the poet as "a man speaking to men: a man, it is true, endowed with more lively sensibility, more enthusiasm and tenderness." This portrayal emphasizes the poet’s role as a communicator of deep and universal emotions. According to Wordsworth, poets possess an enhanced sensitivity and empathy that allow them to connect more profoundly with their audience. This heightened emotional awareness enables poets to articulate experiences and truths that resonate deeply with others, bridging the gap between personal and collective understanding.

• The Poet’s Greater Knowledge of Human Nature:

Wordsworth asserts that "A poet has a greater knowledge of human nature, and a more comprehensive soul, than one supposed to be common among mankind." This view highlights Wordsworth’s belief that poets have an exceptional understanding of human emotions and experiences. Poets, through their heightened sensitivity, can offer insights and perspectives that are often beyond the reach of ordinary people. This broader and deeper understanding allows poets to explore and express complex emotional states and universal themes with greater depth and clarity.

• Spontaneous Overflow of Powerful Feelings:

Wordsworth famously states, "For all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings." This concept is central to his definition of poetry, emphasizing that true poetry arises from intense and genuine emotions. According to Wordsworth, the most effective poetry comes from an immediate, unfiltered expression of feelings, which is then refined through reflection. This spontaneous overflow of emotion, when carefully crafted, results in poetry that is both heartfelt and resonant.

Conclusion:

William Wordsworth’s poetic philosophy represents a profound shift in how poetry is understood and created. By advocating for poetry rooted in genuine emotion and expressed through accessible language, Wordsworth redefined the role of the poet and the nature of poetic expression. His ideas continue to resonate, influencing how we approach and appreciate poetry today. Through his emphasis on authenticity and emotional depth, Wordsworth’s vision remains a cornerstone of literary analysis and creative writing.

Socrates the Great Philosopher

 This blog is a part of Sunday reading task given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir with providing four videos on Socrates. 

Socrates:

Socrates (c. 470–399 BCE) was a Greek philosopher who pioneered the Socratic method, a form of dialogue to stimulate critical thinking. He focused on ethics and virtue, profoundly shaping Western philosophy. Socrates left no writings, and his ideas are known through his students like Plato. He was sentenced to death for his teachings and accepted his fate with calmness.

My learning or understanding on Socrates. 

Socrates, one of the most influential figures in Western philosophy, left a profound legacy through his teachings on ethics, truth, and critical thinking. The following insights are drawn from four videos that explore key aspects of his life and philosophy.

1. Socrates and the Rooster: A Symbolic Farewell. 

In his final moments, Socrates mentioned sacrificing a rooster to Asclepius, the god of healing. This seemingly odd request symbolizes Socrates’ view of death as a healing process—a liberation of the soul from the body. He saw death not as an end but as a transition to a better state, reflecting his deep belief in the immortality of the soul and the importance of living a virtuous life.

2. A Lesson That Changes How We Think. 

Socrates is renowned for the Socratic method, a technique of asking probing questions to challenge assumptions and stimulate deeper understanding. This method encourages critical thinking and self-reflection, urging us to question our beliefs and the world around us. By applying this approach, we can develop a more thoughtful and analytical mindset, which is essential in both personal and professional life. 

Socrates was charged with corrupting the youth of Athens because he encouraged them to question traditional beliefs, authority, and societal norms. His critics claimed that his teachings led young people to adopt skeptical attitudes, threatening the established order. Despite defending his actions as a pursuit of truth, Socrates was found guilty and sentenced to death.

3. The Trial of Socrates: A Stand for Integrity. 

The trial of Socrates, as recounted in Plato’s Apology, showcases his unwavering commitment to truth and moral integrity. Accused of corrupting the youth and disrespecting the gods, Socrates chose to defend his beliefs rather than compromise to save his life. His stance during the trial highlights the importance of standing by one’s principles, even in the face of severe consequences. Socrates’ courage serves as a timeless example of the power of integrity and the pursuit of justice.

Socrates accepted his death sentence calmly, valuing integrity over life. He viewed death as either a peaceful rest or an opportunity for continued inquiry.

4. Improving Critical Thinking: Socratic Principles in Action. 

Erick Wilberding’s video on improving critical thinking draws heavily from Socratic principles. Critical thinking, a skill that Socrates championed, is vital in today’s complex world. By questioning assumptions, evaluating arguments, and thinking logically, we can make better decisions and navigate challenges more effectively. Socrates’ influence in this area reminds us of the ongoing importance of intellectual rigor and self-examination.

 Conclusion

Socrates' teachings continue to resonate, offering timeless lessons on the value of wisdom, critical thinking, and moral courage. Through these videos, we gain a deeper understanding of his philosophy and its relevance to our lives today. Whether through challenging our own beliefs or standing up for truth, Socrates inspires us to live with integrity and thoughtfulness in every aspect of our lives.

Review of a Hindi Film Adaptation of Shakespearean Plays or Elizabethan Era

 This blog is part of a thinking activity of unit 1: History of English Literature:Chaucer to Shakespeare given by Dr. Dilip Barad sir. 

Subject: Review of a Hindi Film Adaptation of Shakespearean Plays or the Elizabethan Era.Write a blog post reviewing any Hindi film adaptation of Shakespearean plays or a film set in the Elizabethan era. Discuss how the adaptation retains the essence of the original play while infusing it with cultural and contextual elements relevant to Indian cinema.

 

In the realm of cinematic adaptations translating Shakespearean plays into different cultural context is a challenging but intriguing endeavor. 

One stand out example is vishal Bhardwaj's film Haider(2014) , a Hindi fi adaptation of Shakespeare's Hamlet. Set against the backdrop of the Kashmir conflict, Haidar skillfully marries the timeless themes of the Bard's tragedy with the socio-political turbulence of modern day India. 

At it's core, Haidar retains the fundamental elemeoof Hamlet-the story of a young prince seeking revenge for his father's murder, the complex dynamics of family and power, and the struggle with existential question. The film's protagonist, Haider Meer (played by shahid kapoor) mirrors Hamlet internal conflict and quest for justice. 

The iconic themes of madness, betrayal, and moral ambiguity are all present, resonating with the Shakespearean tragedy's original essence. 

Retention of Shakespeare's Essence. 

1 ) plot and themes

Haider closely follows the plot of Hamlet focusing on themes of revenge, madness, and moral corruption. 

2) Character Parallels:

• Haider(Shahid Kapoor) the central character inspired by Hamlet reflecting hamlet's existential nad psychological turmoil. 

•Ghazal (Tabu) playing a role similar to Gertrude, Haider's mother reflecting maternal conflict and betrayal. 

•Khurram (kay kay Menon) As the antagonist akin to Claudius, Khurram is a manipulative and ambitious figure. 

•Arshia ( Shraddha Kapoor) character parallel to Ophelia. 

Infusing Cultural Elements

Bhardwaj skillfully weaves in cultural and contextual elements that ground the narrative in Kashmir's unique landscape:

The film's setting amidst the Kashmir conflict adds a layer of complexity to the story, exploring the cost of political turmoil.

Noteworthy Adaptation

Haider's character is a poet, reflecting the rich literary tradition of Kashmir. 

The film's climax, set amidst a traditional Kashmir festival, is a masterful adaptation of the original's tragic conclusion. 

Conclusion "Haider " Is a gripping adaptation that not only remains the essence of Shakespeare's Hamlet but also infuses it with cultural and contextual elements that make it uniquely indian. 

 

Plato's objections to the freedom of expression and artistic liberty.

 This blog is part of a task of 'bridge course' given by Dr Dilip Barad sir on subject:.

 To what extent do you agree with Plato's objection to the freedom of expression and artistic liberty enjoyed by creative writers? Identify texts (novels, plays, poems, movies, TV soaps, etc.) that can be justifiably objected to and banned based on Plato's objections. that can be justifiably objected to and banned based on Plato's objections. 

Question:

Why plato objected on freedom of expression and artistic liberty? 

Plato was concerned about freedom of expression and artistic liberty primarily because of his views on the potential impact of art and literature on society. In his works, especially in "The Republic," he argued that many forms of art and literature could be detrimental to moral and intellectual development. 

What are the main root causes of his objections?? 

1) Moral Corruption 

Plato believed that art particularly poetry and drama could influence people in negative ways also by depicting immoral behaviour which could lead human beings especially youth  to adopt harmful behaviour or attitude. 

2) Moral and psychological Impact

Plato believed that art has power to shape individual's character and morals. 

3) Emotional influence

Plato was also concerned that art could evoke strong emotions that might lead people away from rational thoughts and philosophical reflection. 

4) Education and censorship

Plato believed that education should have power to shape individuals to be virtuous and rational. In his view control of artistic content was a means to ensure that education and culture support the development of virtuous and rational citizens. 

 Some texts and movies that can be justifiably objected to and banned based on Plato's objections. 

1) play =Tughlaq

The play wich portraits the complexities of 14th century Sultan Muhammed Bin Tughlaq's reign touches on the themes of political idealism and governance. 

Plato might critique it for potentially promoting  a skeptical view of leadership and authority. 

2) Midnight Children by Salman Rushdie. 

This seminal novel blends medical realism with historical and political commentary. 

Plato might critique its blending of reality and fantasy for potentially misleading readers and distorting historical truths. 

3) The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy

Roys novel deals with themes of forbidden of love, social discrimination, and family secrets. Plato might object for its depiction of taboos subjects and the way it challenges traditional social norms and values. 

TV show like 'Game of Thrones'

Such show know for its graphic violence, sexual content, and morally ambitious characters. This series might be seen as promoting immoral behaviour and undermining rationality. 

Movie like "Natural Born Killers"

This film directed by Oliver Stone, portrays violence and sensationalism in a way that Plato might argue could negatively influence viewer's behaviour and perceptions. 

Conclusion: I believe that art and literature has much impact on human beings . I also believe that harsh reality of society should be depicted through literature  and art but in such manner that it should not have negative impact on society. Creative Writers should depict/put the reality or history of society to it's people but in way that it should not have negative influence.